Friday, November 20, 2009
Extra Credit
We will do this in class, but anyone who completes it before class will get extra credit. Do the Cell Energy gizmo at explorelearning.com and a class code of 94UFCXXWND.
Tuesday, November 17, 2009
Water Lab (makeup)
Come get a orange worksheet and follow the instructions that I have pasted below.
1- Fluids climb up strips of paper
You need two 300ml beakers that are completely dry!!!!!!
Cut two strips of paper towel that are long enough to reach the bottom of the 300 ml beaker
Tape the two strips of paper to the top of a beaker so that they touch the bottom of the beaker. You will have two beakers with one strip of paper in each
Pour 30 ml of water into one beaker and 30ml of alcohol into another beaker. MAKE SURE YOU DO NOT TOUCH THE PAPER OR YOU WILL HAVE TO START OVER
LET STAND 10 MINUTES WHILE YOU DO THE PENNY LAB
2- Water on a Penny: Read instructions on card record data on lab sheet
Get everybody to put drops on pennies. Make it a competition. See who wins.
Use the water dropper to put drop after drop of water onto a penny. See how many you can get and answer all questions on the lab sheet.
Does it dissolve?
Take the cloth and hold it up to the light. ANSWER ON LAB SHEET
Place the cloth loosely over the beaker. Place ½ TSP salt on top and record ovservations
Remove the salt from the cloth completely
Now place ½ tsp salt into a test tube and add water until it is about 2/3 full. Shake vigorously until no salt is visible.
Place cloth loosely over beaker again and dump the salt water onto the cloth. Record observations
Repeat the procedure above exactly substituting sugar for the salt
Wax paper is Waxy! Follow directions for the wax paper
Place a large drop of water onto the wax paper. Record observations:
Take the toothpicks and try and smash the water flat onto the paper. Record observation
See how many mini drops you can separate the water into. Record the number and observations
Now get all of the drops back together so that it is one big drop again. Place the toothpick in soap, then into the large water drop and record observations
Water gets hot………….slowly!!
Take the two beakers you were provided and place 50ml of water into one and 50ml of alcohol into the other
Place the thermometers into the fluids and record beginning temperatures on your lab sheet
Place the beakers onto the hot plate and record the temperature of each every 30 seconds on a paper so you can record them onto the graph
Heat them for 5 min
Remove the beakers from the heat and continue to record the temperatures every 30 seconds for 5 min so you can record them onto the graph
Dumb both of the solutions down the drain and rinse them out and dry them with a paper towel
1- Fluids climb up strips of paper
You need two 300ml beakers that are completely dry!!!!!!
Cut two strips of paper towel that are long enough to reach the bottom of the 300 ml beaker
Tape the two strips of paper to the top of a beaker so that they touch the bottom of the beaker. You will have two beakers with one strip of paper in each
Pour 30 ml of water into one beaker and 30ml of alcohol into another beaker. MAKE SURE YOU DO NOT TOUCH THE PAPER OR YOU WILL HAVE TO START OVER
LET STAND 10 MINUTES WHILE YOU DO THE PENNY LAB
2- Water on a Penny: Read instructions on card record data on lab sheet
Get everybody to put drops on pennies. Make it a competition. See who wins.
Use the water dropper to put drop after drop of water onto a penny. See how many you can get and answer all questions on the lab sheet.
Does it dissolve?
Take the cloth and hold it up to the light. ANSWER ON LAB SHEET
Place the cloth loosely over the beaker. Place ½ TSP salt on top and record ovservations
Remove the salt from the cloth completely
Now place ½ tsp salt into a test tube and add water until it is about 2/3 full. Shake vigorously until no salt is visible.
Place cloth loosely over beaker again and dump the salt water onto the cloth. Record observations
Repeat the procedure above exactly substituting sugar for the salt
Wax paper is Waxy! Follow directions for the wax paper
Place a large drop of water onto the wax paper. Record observations:
Take the toothpicks and try and smash the water flat onto the paper. Record observation
See how many mini drops you can separate the water into. Record the number and observations
Now get all of the drops back together so that it is one big drop again. Place the toothpick in soap, then into the large water drop and record observations
Water gets hot………….slowly!!
Take the two beakers you were provided and place 50ml of water into one and 50ml of alcohol into the other
Place the thermometers into the fluids and record beginning temperatures on your lab sheet
Place the beakers onto the hot plate and record the temperature of each every 30 seconds on a paper so you can record them onto the graph
Heat them for 5 min
Remove the beakers from the heat and continue to record the temperatures every 30 seconds for 5 min so you can record them onto the graph
Dumb both of the solutions down the drain and rinse them out and dry them with a paper towel
Practice test for 2.1TMT
2 means term 2
.1 means the first test that will count for term 2
Biology Standard I, Objective 3
Multiple Choice
a1. Which of the following pairs have a predator-prey relationship?
A. water/deer
B. moose/deer
C. shrub/deer
D. mountain lion/deer
a2. Which name is given to a relationship between animals that benefits one or both?
A. symbiotic
B. competitive
C. predatory
D. friendly
a3. Which of the species paired below have a competitive relationship?
A. deer/mountain lion
B. deer/grass
C. deer/elk
D. deer/hawk
b4. Mice and gophers are eating a farmers’ crop. What variable might the farmer change to alter this ecosystem?
A. fertilize the crops more often.
B. add several snakes to the field.
C. use pesticides to reduce the number of insects.
D. using different farming techniques.
b5. A river has a recently had a large number of fish die. What variable should be checked?
A. pollutants in the river water
B. the types of birds in the area
C. the number of visitors to the area
D. the amount of water flowing downstream
Look at this chart to answer the next three questions. It contains data students collected when they observed microorganisms in a covered jar containing pond water and hay.
Day Number of microorganisms Kinds of microorganisms Other observations
1 A few two the microorganisms were swimming and feeding on the hay
4 many Three or four Some microorganisms were feeding on each other
7 hundreds Five or six Moldy scum was developing on the surface and a smell was developing
10 Very few one The water was a dark color and smelled very bad
b6. Which conclusion best matches this data?
A. Microorganisms are small and can swim around freely.
B. Ecosystems change over time.
C. Hay with water smells bad if left for 10 days.
D. Ecosystems are unchanging and balanced.
b7. What is the most likely source of the dark color and bad smell?
A. decomposing hay, wastes from microorganisms
B. evaporated water and swimming microorganisms
C. reaction of air with water and hay.
D. water combines with air to form new substances.
c8. What inference would best explain the changes to the water in the jar?
A. The water was altered by the actions of the living things in it.
B. The water evaporated and the gas created a smell.
C. The water dissolved the hay and microorganisms.
D. The water changes when it is under the microscope.
c9. Which of the following are examples of biotic factors in an ecosystem?
A. water and soil pH
B. snails and soil bacteria
C. water and air temperature
D. elevation and precipitation
c10. Which of the following best represents examples of abiotic factors in an ecosystem?
A. water temperatures at different depths in a pond
B. population of red-winged blackbirds in a cattail marsh
C. the number of mallard ducks living in a wetlands pond
D. the diversity of species of grasses found in a farmer’s hayfield
Use these graphs to answer the next three questions:
J curve is based on a population of S curve is based on population of field mice with no predators. field mice with snakes present.
c11. Which of the following limiting factors is most responsible for controlling the population of field mice illustrated in the J curve?
A. snakes eating field mice
B. fighting between field mice
C. overgrazing followed by starvation (ignore the key)
D. human intervention to control population
a12. Which type of symbiotic relationship between snakes and mice can be inferred from these graphs?
A. naturalism
B. commensalism
C. parasitism
D. predation
c13. The carrying capacity is defined as the maximum population of a species that a given habitat will support without the habitat being degraded. What is the carrying capacity of this habitat for field mice?
A. under 10
B. below 40
C. nearly 85
D. 125 or over
Use the information provided on this model of a wetlands to answer the next two questions. Arrows show the direction of water flow through these wetlands.
Pond pH Water
Temp. #flathead minnows
1 7.2 15 C 97
2 7.1 10 C 90
3 6.4 11 C 62
4 5.2 9 C 45
c14. What abiotic factor appears to be the main cause of the declining fathead minnow population as water moves through the four ponds?
A. water temperature
B. acidic pH levels
C. the number of ponds in the area
D. declining invertebrate population
c15. What might be affecting the pH of pond 4?
A. the large population of flathead minnows
B. the lack of a water source
C. water from the fields carrying fertilizer and pesticides
D. less exposure time for water to evaporate from the surface
d16. Which of the following scientific methods would be most accurate to find out if a species of birds was nesting and raising their young?
A. a pair of binoculars and a calculator
B. a book showing identifying characteristics of the bird
C. using nesting boxes and trapping nets in a specific area of study
D. a thermometer showing minimum and maximum outdoor temperatures
d17. Which of the following is qualitative data that might be gathered during a study of mountain goats?
A. the number of young goats born each year.
B. the type of care each mother goat gave her offspring
C. the temperature of the mountain air at night.
D. the distance the goats could climb in a day.
d18. What important design must be used to record changes in an ecosystem?
A. data must be collected for a number of years.
B. data must be qualitative.
C. biotic factors must be measured using biomass
D. the ecosystem must be measured in a short period of time.
e19. The critical abiotic factor for success of the Florida manatee is water temperature. Manatees live in inland waterways. Based on this fact, which of the following human impacts will affect the population of the manatee the most?
A. propellers on pleasure boats in Florida waters
B. toxic waste pollution in breeding areas of the manatee
C. the building of hydroelectric dams on rivers in Florida
D. luxury homes built on the Florida coastline
e20. The cod fishery in the Great Banks region of the northern US and Canada was once an abundant source of fish. The fishing had to be severely limited and today, few people make a living fishing there. What happened to this ecosystem?
A. fishermen over fished the waters and depleted the fish population.
B. fishermen sold the fish for a high price and people refused to buy them.
C. natural changes in fish populations reduced the number of fish
D. predators from the deep ocean moved in and reduced the fish populations.
e21. Fire control in the western United States has reduced the danger of fire in most forests. Why do some foresters argue that the forests would be healthier if fires burned more often?
A. These foresters are not concerned with human life and property.
B. Fires create open spaces that allow more people to build homes on.
C. Fires allow trees to grow more rapidly and grow different species of plants.
D. Fires are a part of healthy forest ecosystems and restore balance of nutrients.
Essay
1. Describe the relationship which exists between abiotic and biotic factors in ecosystems. Give an example which illustrates this principle from a specific ecosystem.
2. Describe an ecosystem in your backyard using a model or diagram, giving at least 2 specific examples of abiotic factors, and 2 specific examples of biotic factors. Make sure that you include in your drawing (or model) the relationship between specific abiotic and biotic factors. Also include a simple food chain for the animals in this ecosystem.
3. One of the most controversial environmental issues facing ranchers and citizens of the west is the re-introduction of the North American Grizzly Bear to the Selway-Bitterroot Wilderness area in Idaho. Using the principles of symbiotic relationships within these ecosystems how would a biologist research and collect data on the grizzly bear and other native species within these ecosystems? Provide 4 questions, related to symbiotic relationships, that a biologist would attempt to answer which would address issues of concern for both the ranchers and environmentalists.
Answers:
1. D
2. A
3. C
4. B
5. A
6. B
7. A
8. A
9. B
10. A
11. C
12. D
13. B
14. B
15. C
16. C
17. B
18. A
19. C
20. A
21. D
Essay Sample Answers:
1. Abiotic factors are non-living factors such as temperature, pH, rainfall, snowpack, wind, etc, that determine the amount and types of organisms, or biotic factors, found within this ecosystem. For example, water temperature appears to be a critical abiotic factor in determining the population of rainbow trout in the Green River
2. In my backyard there is a large piece of dead Sitka Spruce, underneath it I find centipedes and spiders living during the summer months. The average soil temperature under this log in late June-July is 55 degrees, and the soil pH is approximately 6.4. The soil pH and temperature is important for the centipede population, and the log provides a suitable habitat for the spiders to build their nests in. The centipedes feed on dead spiders and other dead organisms, while the spiders feed on live insects caught in their webs. All these factors need to be in balance for this healthy log ecosystem.
3.
1. What plant and animal species form the main diet of the grizzly bear?
2. What is the population of plant/prey species within these ecosystems?
3. What specfic symbiotic relationship will the grizzly bear form with other natural predators within these ecosystems(cougars, etc)?
4. What would be some of the main limiting factors for the grizzly bears that are ntroduced into these ecosystems?
.1 means the first test that will count for term 2
Biology Standard I, Objective 3
Multiple Choice
a1. Which of the following pairs have a predator-prey relationship?
A. water/deer
B. moose/deer
C. shrub/deer
D. mountain lion/deer
a2. Which name is given to a relationship between animals that benefits one or both?
A. symbiotic
B. competitive
C. predatory
D. friendly
a3. Which of the species paired below have a competitive relationship?
A. deer/mountain lion
B. deer/grass
C. deer/elk
D. deer/hawk
b4. Mice and gophers are eating a farmers’ crop. What variable might the farmer change to alter this ecosystem?
A. fertilize the crops more often.
B. add several snakes to the field.
C. use pesticides to reduce the number of insects.
D. using different farming techniques.
b5. A river has a recently had a large number of fish die. What variable should be checked?
A. pollutants in the river water
B. the types of birds in the area
C. the number of visitors to the area
D. the amount of water flowing downstream
Look at this chart to answer the next three questions. It contains data students collected when they observed microorganisms in a covered jar containing pond water and hay.
Day Number of microorganisms Kinds of microorganisms Other observations
1 A few two the microorganisms were swimming and feeding on the hay
4 many Three or four Some microorganisms were feeding on each other
7 hundreds Five or six Moldy scum was developing on the surface and a smell was developing
10 Very few one The water was a dark color and smelled very bad
b6. Which conclusion best matches this data?
A. Microorganisms are small and can swim around freely.
B. Ecosystems change over time.
C. Hay with water smells bad if left for 10 days.
D. Ecosystems are unchanging and balanced.
b7. What is the most likely source of the dark color and bad smell?
A. decomposing hay, wastes from microorganisms
B. evaporated water and swimming microorganisms
C. reaction of air with water and hay.
D. water combines with air to form new substances.
c8. What inference would best explain the changes to the water in the jar?
A. The water was altered by the actions of the living things in it.
B. The water evaporated and the gas created a smell.
C. The water dissolved the hay and microorganisms.
D. The water changes when it is under the microscope.
c9. Which of the following are examples of biotic factors in an ecosystem?
A. water and soil pH
B. snails and soil bacteria
C. water and air temperature
D. elevation and precipitation
c10. Which of the following best represents examples of abiotic factors in an ecosystem?
A. water temperatures at different depths in a pond
B. population of red-winged blackbirds in a cattail marsh
C. the number of mallard ducks living in a wetlands pond
D. the diversity of species of grasses found in a farmer’s hayfield
Use these graphs to answer the next three questions:
J curve is based on a population of S curve is based on population of field mice with no predators. field mice with snakes present.
c11. Which of the following limiting factors is most responsible for controlling the population of field mice illustrated in the J curve?
A. snakes eating field mice
B. fighting between field mice
C. overgrazing followed by starvation (ignore the key)
D. human intervention to control population
a12. Which type of symbiotic relationship between snakes and mice can be inferred from these graphs?
A. naturalism
B. commensalism
C. parasitism
D. predation
c13. The carrying capacity is defined as the maximum population of a species that a given habitat will support without the habitat being degraded. What is the carrying capacity of this habitat for field mice?
A. under 10
B. below 40
C. nearly 85
D. 125 or over
Use the information provided on this model of a wetlands to answer the next two questions. Arrows show the direction of water flow through these wetlands.
Pond pH Water
Temp. #flathead minnows
1 7.2 15 C 97
2 7.1 10 C 90
3 6.4 11 C 62
4 5.2 9 C 45
c14. What abiotic factor appears to be the main cause of the declining fathead minnow population as water moves through the four ponds?
A. water temperature
B. acidic pH levels
C. the number of ponds in the area
D. declining invertebrate population
c15. What might be affecting the pH of pond 4?
A. the large population of flathead minnows
B. the lack of a water source
C. water from the fields carrying fertilizer and pesticides
D. less exposure time for water to evaporate from the surface
d16. Which of the following scientific methods would be most accurate to find out if a species of birds was nesting and raising their young?
A. a pair of binoculars and a calculator
B. a book showing identifying characteristics of the bird
C. using nesting boxes and trapping nets in a specific area of study
D. a thermometer showing minimum and maximum outdoor temperatures
d17. Which of the following is qualitative data that might be gathered during a study of mountain goats?
A. the number of young goats born each year.
B. the type of care each mother goat gave her offspring
C. the temperature of the mountain air at night.
D. the distance the goats could climb in a day.
d18. What important design must be used to record changes in an ecosystem?
A. data must be collected for a number of years.
B. data must be qualitative.
C. biotic factors must be measured using biomass
D. the ecosystem must be measured in a short period of time.
e19. The critical abiotic factor for success of the Florida manatee is water temperature. Manatees live in inland waterways. Based on this fact, which of the following human impacts will affect the population of the manatee the most?
A. propellers on pleasure boats in Florida waters
B. toxic waste pollution in breeding areas of the manatee
C. the building of hydroelectric dams on rivers in Florida
D. luxury homes built on the Florida coastline
e20. The cod fishery in the Great Banks region of the northern US and Canada was once an abundant source of fish. The fishing had to be severely limited and today, few people make a living fishing there. What happened to this ecosystem?
A. fishermen over fished the waters and depleted the fish population.
B. fishermen sold the fish for a high price and people refused to buy them.
C. natural changes in fish populations reduced the number of fish
D. predators from the deep ocean moved in and reduced the fish populations.
e21. Fire control in the western United States has reduced the danger of fire in most forests. Why do some foresters argue that the forests would be healthier if fires burned more often?
A. These foresters are not concerned with human life and property.
B. Fires create open spaces that allow more people to build homes on.
C. Fires allow trees to grow more rapidly and grow different species of plants.
D. Fires are a part of healthy forest ecosystems and restore balance of nutrients.
Essay
1. Describe the relationship which exists between abiotic and biotic factors in ecosystems. Give an example which illustrates this principle from a specific ecosystem.
2. Describe an ecosystem in your backyard using a model or diagram, giving at least 2 specific examples of abiotic factors, and 2 specific examples of biotic factors. Make sure that you include in your drawing (or model) the relationship between specific abiotic and biotic factors. Also include a simple food chain for the animals in this ecosystem.
3. One of the most controversial environmental issues facing ranchers and citizens of the west is the re-introduction of the North American Grizzly Bear to the Selway-Bitterroot Wilderness area in Idaho. Using the principles of symbiotic relationships within these ecosystems how would a biologist research and collect data on the grizzly bear and other native species within these ecosystems? Provide 4 questions, related to symbiotic relationships, that a biologist would attempt to answer which would address issues of concern for both the ranchers and environmentalists.
Answers:
1. D
2. A
3. C
4. B
5. A
6. B
7. A
8. A
9. B
10. A
11. C
12. D
13. B
14. B
15. C
16. C
17. B
18. A
19. C
20. A
21. D
Essay Sample Answers:
1. Abiotic factors are non-living factors such as temperature, pH, rainfall, snowpack, wind, etc, that determine the amount and types of organisms, or biotic factors, found within this ecosystem. For example, water temperature appears to be a critical abiotic factor in determining the population of rainbow trout in the Green River
2. In my backyard there is a large piece of dead Sitka Spruce, underneath it I find centipedes and spiders living during the summer months. The average soil temperature under this log in late June-July is 55 degrees, and the soil pH is approximately 6.4. The soil pH and temperature is important for the centipede population, and the log provides a suitable habitat for the spiders to build their nests in. The centipedes feed on dead spiders and other dead organisms, while the spiders feed on live insects caught in their webs. All these factors need to be in balance for this healthy log ecosystem.
3.
1. What plant and animal species form the main diet of the grizzly bear?
2. What is the population of plant/prey species within these ecosystems?
3. What specfic symbiotic relationship will the grizzly bear form with other natural predators within these ecosystems(cougars, etc)?
4. What would be some of the main limiting factors for the grizzly bears that are ntroduced into these ecosystems?
Monday, November 16, 2009
Nov 17/18
Bellringer: Explain what is meant by "the cell is the most basic unit of life."
Objective: Students will understand cell structure related to function.
-the smallest thing that can be alive: the cell
Gene Control: Go to . Login: jacobong@gmail.com ; password: biology. Search for: gene control. Watch the video from: Gene Control
The development of creatures that appear to have nothing in common is directed by a surprisingly small number of genes. In this video segment, learn about the power of master control genes. Footage from The Secret of Life: "Birth, Sex & Death."
Control genes: these genes tell a certain cell to become the spinal chord (or some other structure.
Take notes: Look at a macrophage engulfing bacteria. A long time ago people did not know about cells. They did not know that a single cell divided and became many more cells. Robert Hook was the first one to find a cell.
-Cell theory: 1. all organisms are composed of cells. 2. All cells come from other pre-existing cells. 3. The cell is the most basic unit of life (life doesn't exist below the level of a cell). From an evolutionary standpoint, we need to know the difference between the two different type of cells. The prokaryote does not have a nucelus AND DOES NOT HAVE ANY ORGANELLELS. Bacteria are prokaryotes and the biggest difference between plant and animal cells and bacteria (and other prokaryotes) are that prokaryotes DO NOT HAVE ORGANELLES.
-Cell theory started with Mr. Hook who saw cells in cork cells (that reminded him of the 'cell' of a monastery). He found other cells in other living things. Then Leuwenhook then made a better microscope. Other scientists added to cell theory (only living things were made out of cells).
Cell Theory is not Cell Fact but is also no longer Cell Hypothesis. Now take notes on organelles.
Why study cells? Cells make up tissue make up organs which make up bodies. Bodies are made up of cells. Cells divide in eukaryotes. (REmember how earlier we talked about atoms and macromolecules, eventually we will learn about tissues and organ systems. There is a hierarchy). What do cells do? (See the slide called "The Work of Life". Breathing means that every cell is breathing. Eating means that at the cellular level cells take in and digest food.
Cell membrane ("the gatekeeper", doorperson, bouncer): organelle number one. Function: separates cells from outside. Controls what enters or leaves the cell (O2, CO2, food, water, nutrients, waste). Recognizes signals from other cells (allows communication between cells). Structure: (here we use lipids). Double layer of fat (phospholipid bilayer. A phosphate attached to the lipid tails (the fatty acids). The phosphate is hydrophilic (likes water) but the tail is hydrophobic (dislikes water). So the fatty acids are going to align up away from fluid and that is how the membrane is formed. (Macrophages search for markers on other cells to determine if it is an invader or part of the body. If an invader, then macrophages will engulf/eat the cell.)
Picture of the cell with box pointing to a cell membrane. Write down: cell membrane=cell boundary, controls movement of materials in and out, recognizes signals.
Make a list of organelles.
2. Vacuole and vessicles ("like UHaul delivering stuff; also storage sheds": function = transport around cell; storage. structure= membrane sac (phospholipids that form a storage vessicle). If a food particle like starch comes in and the cell needs glucose, then the food enters the cell through endocytosis and then the cell membrane pinches off to form a vessicle. In paramecium, contractile vacuole. Animal cells have food vacuoles.
3. cytoplasm is cell fluid
4. lysosomes (garbage man/recycler). A special type of vessicle. Lyse = to cut or break. (They have digestive enzymes. Food enters and fuses with a lysosome and the digestive enzymes break up the food so that it can be used. Lysosomes also digest broken organelles. If plant cells get to0 full of water, they lyse. If you put cells in pure water (which is hypotonic), then the water will enter into the cell. (One family was charged with killing their daughter with water treatment). Lysosomes breaks stuff down into smaller pieces so that it can be used or disposed of.
5. tHE "MIGHTY" Mitochondria "IS THE POWERHOUSE OF THE CELLS". MAKEs ATP ENERGY FROM CELLULAR RESPIRATION AND IN BOTH ANIMAL AND PLANT CELLS. ATP is an adenosine tri- phosphate, i.e. a modified nucleotide. ATP is the currency for cellular energy. Structure of mitochondria.
MAKES ATP ENERGY FROM SUGAR AND OXYGEN.
6. Chloroplasts. (See how the sugar is an octagon, actually should be a pentagon or hexagon. Chloroplasts: performs phtosynthesis (where energy and sugar are produced from sunglight and other building materials). The equation: sunglith and carbon dixodie ---> ATP and sugar.
ATP is active energy
Sugar is stored energy so the plant can build leaves and roots and fruits out of the sugar.
7. Nucleus: functions=control center of the cell (central processor/computer); protects DNA (the instructions for building proteins).
8. Nucleolus is a ribosome factory
////////////////////////////////l
Objective: Students will understand cell structure related to function.
-the smallest thing that can be alive: the cell
Gene Control: Go to . Login: jacobong@gmail.com ; password: biology. Search for: gene control. Watch the video from: Gene Control
The development of creatures that appear to have nothing in common is directed by a surprisingly small number of genes. In this video segment, learn about the power of master control genes. Footage from The Secret of Life: "Birth, Sex & Death."
Control genes: these genes tell a certain cell to become the spinal chord (or some other structure.
Take notes: Look at a macrophage engulfing bacteria. A long time ago people did not know about cells. They did not know that a single cell divided and became many more cells. Robert Hook was the first one to find a cell.
-Cell theory: 1. all organisms are composed of cells. 2. All cells come from other pre-existing cells. 3. The cell is the most basic unit of life (life doesn't exist below the level of a cell). From an evolutionary standpoint, we need to know the difference between the two different type of cells. The prokaryote does not have a nucelus AND DOES NOT HAVE ANY ORGANELLELS. Bacteria are prokaryotes and the biggest difference between plant and animal cells and bacteria (and other prokaryotes) are that prokaryotes DO NOT HAVE ORGANELLES.
-Cell theory started with Mr. Hook who saw cells in cork cells (that reminded him of the 'cell' of a monastery). He found other cells in other living things. Then Leuwenhook then made a better microscope. Other scientists added to cell theory (only living things were made out of cells).
Cell Theory is not Cell Fact but is also no longer Cell Hypothesis. Now take notes on organelles.
Why study cells? Cells make up tissue make up organs which make up bodies. Bodies are made up of cells. Cells divide in eukaryotes. (REmember how earlier we talked about atoms and macromolecules, eventually we will learn about tissues and organ systems. There is a hierarchy). What do cells do? (See the slide called "The Work of Life". Breathing means that every cell is breathing. Eating means that at the cellular level cells take in and digest food.
Cell membrane ("the gatekeeper", doorperson, bouncer): organelle number one. Function: separates cells from outside. Controls what enters or leaves the cell (O2, CO2, food, water, nutrients, waste). Recognizes signals from other cells (allows communication between cells). Structure: (here we use lipids). Double layer of fat (phospholipid bilayer. A phosphate attached to the lipid tails (the fatty acids). The phosphate is hydrophilic (likes water) but the tail is hydrophobic (dislikes water). So the fatty acids are going to align up away from fluid and that is how the membrane is formed. (Macrophages search for markers on other cells to determine if it is an invader or part of the body. If an invader, then macrophages will engulf/eat the cell.)
Picture of the cell with box pointing to a cell membrane. Write down: cell membrane=cell boundary, controls movement of materials in and out, recognizes signals.
Make a list of organelles.
2. Vacuole and vessicles ("like UHaul delivering stuff; also storage sheds": function = transport around cell; storage. structure= membrane sac (phospholipids that form a storage vessicle). If a food particle like starch comes in and the cell needs glucose, then the food enters the cell through endocytosis and then the cell membrane pinches off to form a vessicle. In paramecium, contractile vacuole. Animal cells have food vacuoles.
3. cytoplasm is cell fluid
4. lysosomes (garbage man/recycler). A special type of vessicle. Lyse = to cut or break. (They have digestive enzymes. Food enters and fuses with a lysosome and the digestive enzymes break up the food so that it can be used. Lysosomes also digest broken organelles. If plant cells get to0 full of water, they lyse. If you put cells in pure water (which is hypotonic), then the water will enter into the cell. (One family was charged with killing their daughter with water treatment). Lysosomes breaks stuff down into smaller pieces so that it can be used or disposed of.
5. tHE "MIGHTY" Mitochondria "IS THE POWERHOUSE OF THE CELLS". MAKEs ATP ENERGY FROM CELLULAR RESPIRATION AND IN BOTH ANIMAL AND PLANT CELLS. ATP is an adenosine tri- phosphate, i.e. a modified nucleotide. ATP is the currency for cellular energy. Structure of mitochondria.
MAKES ATP ENERGY FROM SUGAR AND OXYGEN.
6. Chloroplasts. (See how the sugar is an octagon, actually should be a pentagon or hexagon. Chloroplasts: performs phtosynthesis (where energy and sugar are produced from sunglight and other building materials). The equation: sunglith and carbon dixodie ---> ATP and sugar.
ATP is active energy
Sugar is stored energy so the plant can build leaves and roots and fruits out of the sugar.
7. Nucleus: functions=control center of the cell (central processor/computer); protects DNA (the instructions for building proteins).
8. Nucleolus is a ribosome factory
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Friday, November 6, 2009
Pretest Available for "Chemistry of Life"
Go to http://jong.ucutips.org/. Do the practice test. Anyone that can prove they got 100% on the practice test will get a guaranteed 80% on the real test.
Jeopardy Review Game with Macromolecules
If you have been absent, please play the following game. If you want to pass the next TMT, please also play this game.
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